Influence of shallowness,bank inclination and bank roughness on the variability of flow patterns and boundary shear stress due to secondary currents in straight open-channels     

K. Blanckaert  A. Duarte  A.J. Schleiss 《Advances in water resources》2010

Boundary shear stress and flow variability due to its interaction with main flow and secondary currents were investigated under conditions that extend previous research on trapezoidal channels. Secondary currents that scale with the flow depth were found over the entire width in all experiments. These findings contradict the widespread perception that secondary currents die out at a distance of 2.5 times the flow depth from the bank, a perception which is largely based on experiments with smooth boundaries. The reported results indicate that a stable pattern of secondary currents over the entire channel width can only be sustained over a fixed horizontal bed if the bed's roughness is sufficient to provide the required transverse oscillations in the turbulent shear stresses. Contrary to laboratory flumes, alluvial river bed always provide sufficient roughness. The required external forcing of this hydrodynamic instability mechanism is provided by the turbulence-generated near-bank secondary currents. The pattern of near-bank secondary currents depends on the inclination and the roughness of the bank. In all configurations, secondary currents result in a reduction of the bed shear stress in the vicinity of the bank and a heterogeneous bank shear stress that reaches a maximum close to the toe of the bank. Moreover, these currents cause transverse variability of 10–15% for the streamwise velocities and 0.2u_*²–0.3u_*?² for the bed shear stress. These variations are insufficient to provide the flow variability required in river restoration projects, but nevertheless must be accounted for in the design of stable channels.  相似文献   

Velocity profiles and incipient motion of frazil particles under ice cover   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Faye KROL 《国际泥沙研究》2010,25(1):39-51

A series of experiments for the incipient motion of frazil particles under ice cover have been carried out in laboratory under different flow and boundary conditions.Measurements on flow velocities across the measuring cross-section at different water depths have been conducted.Based on these experiments under both ice-covered and open flow conditions,the impacts of solid boundary(such as ice cover and flume sidewall) on the distribution of flow velocity profiles have been discussed.The criteria for the inc...  相似文献   

Hydraulic parameters in channels with wall vegetation and gravel bed     

Hossein AFZALIMEHR  Razieh MOGHBEL 《国际泥沙研究》2010,25(1):81-90

In this experimental study,field observations and laboratory experiments have been carried out to assess the impacts of the vegetated channel walls and aspect ratio on flow velocity profiles,shear stress distribution and roughness coefficient of channel.Results show that the presence of vegetation cover on channel wall causes deviation of the Reynolds stress distribution from the linear one under uniform flow condition.It is also noticed that the Reynolds stress distribution is influenced by the aspect rati...  相似文献   

The influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles on wave-driven sea-floor sediment mobility along the central California continental margin     

Curt D. Storlazzi  Jane A. Reid 《Continental Shelf Research》2010

Ocean surface waves are the dominant temporally and spatially variable process influencing sea floor sediment resuspension along most continental shelves. Wave-induced sediment mobility on the continental shelf and upper continental slope off central California for different phases of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events was modeled using monthly statistics derived from more than 14 years of concurrent hourly oceanographic and meteorologic data as boundary input for the Delft SWAN wave model, gridded sea floor grain-size data from the usSEABED database, and regional bathymetry. Differences as small as 0.5 m in wave height, 1 s in wave period, and 10° in wave direction, in conjunction with the spatially heterogeneous unconsolidated sea-floor sedimentary cover, result in significant changes in the predicted mobility of continental shelf surficial sediment in the study area. El Niño events result in more frequent mobilization on the inner shelf in the summer and winter than during La Niña events and on the outer shelf and upper slope in the winter months, while La Niña events result in more frequent mobilization on the mid-shelf during spring and summer months than during El Niño events. The timing and patterns of seabed mobility are addressed in context of geologic and biologic processes. By understanding the spatial and temporal variability in the disturbance of the sea floor, scientists can better interpret sedimentary patterns and ecosystem structure, while providing managers and planners an understanding of natural impacts when considering the permitting of offshore activities that disturb the sea floor such as trawling, dredging, and the emplacement of sea-floor engineering structures.  相似文献   

恭城—栗木断裂带的应变特征与变形环境探讨     

隋志龙  王德银 《地震学刊》2010,(6):637-643

通过系统的有限应变测量与差异应力估算,探讨了恭城—栗木断裂带的应变特征与变形环境,以其推动该断裂带的研究向更深层次发展。结果表明：①付林指数K的变化范围为0.32～1.67;应变主轴平均方位为276°∠21°,与断裂带的整体逆冲方向基本一致;断裂带的平均应变程度为2.26～3.00,属中等应变程度;断裂带的应变类型属压扁型应变与单剪型平面应变的一种复合叠加类型。②断裂带的差异应力值为40～80 MPa,变形深度小于10 km,属半脆性—半韧性的变形域。③断裂带的应变特征与变形环境及宏观构造样式基本吻合。  相似文献   

Effect of Initial Stress Conditions on the Threshold Shear Strain of Nanjing’s Saturated Fine Sand     

Chen Guoxing  Pan Hua 《中国地震研究》2010,24(1):128-136

By using GDS dynamic hollow cylinder torsional apparatus, a series of cyclic torsional triaxial tests under complex initial consolidation condition are performed on Nanjing saturated fine sand. The effects of the initial principal stress direction α0, the initial ratio of deviatoric stress η0, the initial average effective principal stress p0 and the initial intermediate principal stress parameter b0 on the threshold shear strain y, of Nanjing saturated fine sand are then systematically investigated. The results show that y, increases as η0, P0 and b0 increase respectively, while the other three parameters remain constant. α0 has a great influence on y,, which is reduced when α0 increases from 0° to 45° and increased when α0 increases from 45° to 90°. The effect of α0 on γt plays a leading role and the effect of η0 will weaken when α0 is approximately 45°.  相似文献   

以2008年汶川8.0级地震为例分析地震触发的静态库仑应力计算的不确定性   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

王力伟  陈棋福 《中国地震》2010,26(3)

人们常用地震产生的静态库仑应力变化解释地震的空间迁移和余震的空间分布规律,但是,在计算静态库仑应力场时,室内试验数据和观测资料往往无法对计算所涉及的参数进行足够的约束,而参数取值的不确定性会直接影响到静态库仑应力的计算结果。不同研究组得到的汶川地震产生的静态库仑应力变化结果并不一样,为研究不同计算模型和参数的选取对静态库仑应力计算的影响,我们通过建立模型并依次改变参数,分析比较了各个参数对计算结果的影响。结果表明:重力、接收断层位置和走向等的影响较小,其他参数均会对静态库仑应力变化量值和符号造成不同程度的影响,其影响在地震破裂面周边尤其明显,计算时参数敏感性分析不可忽略。  相似文献   

汶川8.0级地震的余震触发作用和对断层的应力加卸载作用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

解朝娣  朱元清  雷兴林  于海英 《地震地磁观测与研究》2010,31(2):12-18

采用可变滑动震源模型,计算和研究了汶川M_S 8.0地震产生的应力变化及对后续6次强余震的应力触发作用,并定量分析了汶川地震对附近活动断裂带的库仑应力加卸载作用。结果显示:汶川地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化分布图案复杂性强,主要由发震断裂复杂的空间展布形态以及震源断层活动具有逆冲兼右旋走滑两种性质决定。汶川地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化对多数强余震存在一定的触发作用。汶川地震的发生对附近的断裂带有不同程度的影响,其中青川断裂中段和北段、岷江断裂南段和灌县-江油断裂南段,主要是以强烈的库仑破裂应力加载作用占主导地位,有利于强余震序列的孕育、加速以至于发生;东昆仑断裂带和鲜水河断裂带受到了轻微的应力加载作用;龙泉山断裂带、华莹山断裂带和西秦岭北缘断裂带主要受到了轻微的卸载作用。  相似文献   

含二阶规则起伏体结构面的剪切试验研究          下载免费PDF全文

朱小明  刘博  王长柏  邹飞  莫振泽 《水文地质工程地质》2011,38(3):38-41

通过常法向应力直剪试验研究了含不同二阶规则起伏体高度结构面的剪切特性。试验结果表明:与只含一阶起伏体结构面不同,含二阶起伏体结构面会有多峰值剪应力和波浪状的变形曲线,会出现多次剪断破坏或一次剪断破坏的破坏特征,随着二阶起伏体高度的增大,结构面剪切强度增大。  相似文献   

侧向应力对裂隙渗透性的影响          下载免费PDF全文

韩国锋  王恩志  刘晓丽 《水文地质工程地质》2011,38(4):38-42

目前不同试验者得出的侧向应力对裂隙渗透性影响的结果存在矛盾,其根本原因在于侧向应力对裂隙有多方面的影响。侧向应力引起裂隙开度增加、壁面磨损、充填物压缩。这些对裂隙渗透性有不同的影响。根据裂隙是否存充填物,建立了相应的三维应力对裂隙渗透性影响的表达式。当不存在充填物时,裂隙渗透性与侧向应力呈指数关系,当存在较多充填物时呈负指数关系。把两种情况写成统一的指数形式,认为裂隙存在少量充填或者裂隙壁面磨损时也是适合的。利用已有的试验成果对结果进行了验证,表明本文建立的表达式与试验结果符合得比较好。  相似文献